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codec：添加UTF-8编码定义标准

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# UTF-8编码
UTF-8 采用可变长编码的方式，一个字符可占 1 字节 -6 字节，其中每个字符所占的字节数由字符开始的 1 的个数确定，具体的编码方式如下：
| 范围 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| --------------------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| 0x00000000~0x0000007F | 0xxxxxxx | | | | | |
| 0x00000080~0x000007FF | 110xxxxx | 10xxxxxx | | | | |
| 0x00000800~0x0000FFFF | 1110xxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | | | |
| 0x00010000~0x001FFFFF | 11110xxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | | |
| 0x00200000~0x03FFFFFF | 111110xx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | |
| 0x04000000~0x7FFFFFFF | 1111110x | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx | 10xxxxxx |
对于 UTF-8 的编码，只需要每次计算每个字符开始字节的 1 的个数，就可以确定这个字符的长度。
来源：[[C++ 读取 UTF-8 及 GBK 系列的文本方法及原理-CSDN博客](https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_41055260/article/details/121434010)]